The Future of Democracy in South Asia Free Essays

Establishing political control in South Asia, was something that the British was able to accomplish in the late 70s and early 80s. The British saw certain opportunities that led for them to start trading and commerce from India to outside world. The British had plans for India, which later led to collection of revenues on behalf of the Mughal Emperor, resulting decline of power by the Mughals side. We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Democracy in South Asia or any similar topic only for you Order Now The expansion of the British into newer territories, it was to keep the allies at a distance. As for the Ryotwari system in India that played a role as land revenue systems before-hand, after the British came along. It affected India because the ownership of the land was given to the peasants and the British government collected the tax which demonstrated not fair to the peasants. The revenue rates as per the Ryotwari system were 50% with land being dry and irrigated with 60%. The Zamindars were never the owners of their own land and the rent collectors would not be fair towards them. The British were able to establish political control in South Asia because of confusion created by the decline in power of the Mughal Empire, the compulsion to take over new territories, and the implementation of the Ryotwari system over India. During the 1700s, the Mughal Empire had a significant decline in power, and was unable to directly govern or control its territories. Afterwards, the local rulers, called the Raja’s and Sultan’s, greedy for power over India made claims to power causing trouble and violence to spread over local territories .This caused confusion within India’s government because, the Raja’s and Sultans were not able to clearly identify their territories and rules. For example, Bernard Cohn’s essay on the Banaras region clearly marked that â€Å"it was precisely because there were always ‘many sharers in the dignity and power of kingship with overlapping rights and obligations that ’empire and ‘state’ represented ‘limited political entities in India'† (11). Resulting with no leadership or general politics which were formed at critical movements that highlights the causes of decline and it was important for the structure of the Mughal administrative system. Adding to the British control over the political establishment for South Asia, the peasants and the zamindars from the northern and the westerns part of India were added towards this problem. For the British, it was easier to target the zamindars for collecting revenues, as they show loyalty and mostly were the powerful class of a local populations. The zamindars were enjoying the given power from the British, as they would collect money from the peasants and the British government officials would take money from zamindars. The zamindars would have to pay a fixed revenue towards to the government officials as their fees. The book states, â€Å"The Ryotwari system defined the state itself as the supreme zamindar and vested a ryot with individual proprietary rights in land in return for annual cash payment or revenue assessments to the government (ibid.)† (73). The revenue that was collected by the zamindar was fixed and to be collected from each village. Focusing on empire-building for India, it ended up being under the rule of the British. British took advantage of India in ways of getting everything flushed out. By being in control for their profits from raw material goods and the fact of having larger populations and the diversity towards the markets. Later, after they had settled for some time the British took interest in Indian economy where the focus was to grow. The book had mentioned about Europeans traders to have strong control over the Mughal Empire, and that later on had faced decline and the British took advantage of that decline to make their win other territories within India. Because the British took the rejection of the Mughal empire, India was regulated by the British government and had developed all over India. The successful established of the British within India was the occurrence of these events that took place because India was lacking unity within the political section at that time period. British rule not only took over the political but also the economy, textiles industries, and the import; export of the products from India to other countries around the world, leading to get more profits and take in-charge of the nation. How to cite The Future of Democracy in South Asia, Papers

The Future of Democracy in South Asia Free Essays

Establishing political control in South Asia, was something that the British was able to accomplish in the late 70s and early 80s. The British saw certain opportunities that led for them to start trading and commerce from India to outside world. The British had plans for India, which later led to collection of revenues on behalf of the Mughal Emperor, resulting decline of power by the Mughals side. We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Democracy in South Asia or any similar topic only for you Order Now The expansion of the British into newer territories, it was to keep the allies at a distance. As for the Ryotwari system in India that played a role as land revenue systems before-hand, after the British came along. It affected India because the ownership of the land was given to the peasants and the British government collected the tax which demonstrated not fair to the peasants. The revenue rates as per the Ryotwari system were 50% with land being dry and irrigated with 60%. The Zamindars were never the owners of their own land and the rent collectors would not be fair towards them. The British were able to establish political control in South Asia because of confusion created by the decline in power of the Mughal Empire, the compulsion to take over new territories, and the implementation of the Ryotwari system over India. During the 1700s, the Mughal Empire had a significant decline in power, and was unable to directly govern or control its territories. Afterwards, the local rulers, called the Raja’s and Sultan’s, greedy for power over India made claims to power causing trouble and violence to spread over local territories .This caused confusion within India’s government because, the Raja’s and Sultans were not able to clearly identify their territories and rules. For example, Bernard Cohn’s essay on the Banaras region clearly marked that â€Å"it was precisely because there were always ‘many sharers in the dignity and power of kingship with overlapping rights and obligations that ’empire and ‘state’ represented ‘limited political entities in India'† (11). Resulting with no leadership or general politics which were formed at critical movements that highlights the causes of decline and it was important for the structure of the Mughal administrative system. Adding to the British control over the political establishment for South Asia, the peasants and the zamindars from the northern and the westerns part of India were added towards this problem. For the British, it was easier to target the zamindars for collecting revenues, as they show loyalty and mostly were the powerful class of a local populations. The zamindars were enjoying the given power from the British, as they would collect money from the peasants and the British government officials would take money from zamindars. The zamindars would have to pay a fixed revenue towards to the government officials as their fees. The book states, â€Å"The Ryotwari system defined the state itself as the supreme zamindar and vested a ryot with individual proprietary rights in land in return for annual cash payment or revenue assessments to the government (ibid.)† (73). The revenue that was collected by the zamindar was fixed and to be collected from each village. Focusing on empire-building for India, it ended up being under the rule of the British. British took advantage of India in ways of getting everything flushed out. By being in control for their profits from raw material goods and the fact of having larger populations and the diversity towards the markets. Later, after they had settled for some time the British took interest in Indian economy where the focus was to grow. The book had mentioned about Europeans traders to have strong control over the Mughal Empire, and that later on had faced decline and the British took advantage of that decline to make their win other territories within India. Because the British took the rejection of the Mughal empire, India was regulated by the British government and had developed all over India. The successful established of the British within India was the occurrence of these events that took place because India was lacking unity within the political section at that time period. British rule not only took over the political but also the economy, textiles industries, and the import; export of the products from India to other countries around the world, leading to get more profits and take in-charge of the nation. How to cite The Future of Democracy in South Asia, Papers

Lan-Based Cash Flow Monitoring System free essay sample

Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Background of the Study The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig was established by the virtue of the Pasig City Ordinance No. 11. 5. 1999. It started its operation June 14, 2000 initially with six (6) degree course: Bachelor of Science in Elementary Education (BSEED), Bachelor of Science in Hospitality Management (BSHM), BSBA, BSIT, BSECE, BSCS and ACT has been added to the initial courses. The University mission is to produce graduates strong in their global outlook, cultural identity, and social responsibility through teaching strategies, methodologies, relevant research and dedicated public service. The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig is growing progressively for the past 10 years. Students have proven their being responsive to the changing demands of developments. For the past 10 years, the University has been competent to the new technology, but there is a certain area in which technology have not yet reach: the Accounting Office. The Accounting Office plays a vital role in the enrollment system. It is where the student pays their tuition and other related fees. It is where security is a must. Along with the progress of the University the Accounting Office is still left behind. For 10 years of running, the office is still on a manual basis. Students, after accomplishing their registration form, will go directly to the Accounting Office to assess their fees and pay. And because this is done manually, a line of students is form. Another problem arises is the possibility of record loss. Because the accounts of every student are in the paper form, there might have a possibility of its loss. If not minor fault in computation may also be seen as a problem. VISION Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig is the leading center for academic excellence among the locally-funded colleges and universities that produces responsible and productive individuals who are responsive to the changing demands of development locally and globally. MISION We, a community of service-oriented individuals supported by the City Government of Pasig, committed to life-long learning and to produce graduates strong in their global-outlook, cultural identity and social responsibility through teaching strategies, methodologies, relevant research and dedicated public service. OBJECTIVES To instill and nurture in each student the appropriate and relevant attitude, knowledge, values and skills needed to become useful and productive citizens, successful entrepreneurs, or gainfully employed members of the community. To provide quality public higher education that will not only assist each individual to fully develop his/her potential as a human being but also enhance the quality of citizen participation in the basic functions of society. To advance the frontiers of knowledge and technology through quality instructions, research and community extension services that encourage maximum use of all resources and facilities available in the City of Pasig where students can apply their knowledge, values and skills they gained for improving their own quality of life and that of the community where they belong. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem 1. 2. 1 General Problem: 1. 2. 1. 1 How to improve the Monitoring of Cash Flow at the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig Accounting Office. 1. 2. 2 Specific Problems: 1. 2. 2. 1 How to minimize data loss. 1. 2. 2. How to minimize delays when forwarding record files to the city hall. 1. 2. 2. 3 How to protect their records from unauthorized personnel’s. 1. 3 Objective of the Study 1. 3. 1 General Objective 1. 3. 1. 1 To develop a LAN-based Cash Flow Monitoring System for the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig Accounting Department. 1. 3. 2 Specific Objective: 1. 3. 2. 1 To create a system th at will ensure data storage for each transaction. 1. 3. 2. 2 To create a system that will forward record files on time. 1. 3. 2. 3 To create a password protected system that will only allow access to the authorized users. 1. 4 Significance of the Study This study is important because this will improve the process in the Accounting Office. By this study, we will be able to make a system for areas of accounting office which needs improvement. The following will benefit from this study; Accounting Office Accounting Office will benefit from this study because the process of Accounting Office is the one being studied. By this, Accounting Office will be able to figure what area should be improved ad what area should be provided with a system. City Hall City Hall will benefit from this study because City Hall can be assured of error-free and well-monitored generated report of cash flow. Since it is computerized, errors that the City Hall might have from the generated reports of Accounting Office if not totally gone, can be lessen. 1. 5 Scope and Limitation Scope The Scope of this study will be the Monitoring of Cash Flow at the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig Accounting office and all the transactions which takes place within the boundaries of the Accounting office. Including the verification of daily statement of collection forms; summarizing of cash records, and daily and monthly accountable form reports. Limitations This study will be limited with the processes of the Accounting office and will not include the following: †¢Creation of Financial Statements †¢Creation of Balance Sheets †¢Creation of Income Sheets †¢Creation of Generating of General Accounts Chapter 2 Review of Related Foreign Literatures Texas Education Agency identifies the usefulness of Accounting Systems School districts and charter schools were asked questions regarding the usefulness of their accounting system in supporting decisions. Accounting systems may generate reports that support decisions, and may also have the tools that expedite the analysis of information to support decisions. Accounting Systems Survey Responses, 2006) Strategic Information Content and Performance: The Impact of Management Accounting and Control System Changes Research has revealed that different strategy content requires different planning and control systems to supply the requisite information. Strategic typologies potentially allow managers to understand the mix of information systems needed to enhance firm performance. This paper investigates the relationships between changes to firm’s management accounting and control system and performance under different scenarios of strategic content. Data from Singapore companies is used to asses this relationship. Results indicate a positive relationship for the three strategic types analyzed and, further, each type reveals a different configuration of components changes that comprise the management accounting and control system. (Alfred E. Seaman, 2006) Monitoring Business Cash Flow: Business Self-Audit Process Financial Business Records Understanding your companys cash flow is essential to staying in business. To keep on top of things, consider audits. No, auditing isnt just something unpleasant that the IRS does. Many successful businesses conduct self-audits as a means of monitoring their financial status. Auditing on a weekly basis can provide a company with the foresight to avoid potential problems that could be detrimental to a companys financial fitness. The process gives a financial administrator valuable knowledge to plan the companys payment and collection schedule. Knowing which accounts need to be paid in full and which can be paid off in stages can help stretch a diminished cash reserve. By neglecting to update financial records, a company could face bankruptcy for no reason other than failing to perform a simple weekly task. Monitoring cash flow is more than balancing a check book it is about understanding where every dollar comes from and where it goes. Closely monitoring cash flow forces companies to pay more attention to incoming funds and the patterns that are created. If a slow pay period is approaching, the accounts receivable department can begin to pressure slow-paying clients sooner to get the outstanding funds on time. When purchasing goods, it helps to be aware of the time frame for the product arrival. This prevents businesses from getting available funds tied up in goods that will not be received for two months or more. When planning a self-audit, there are certain key areas to target. The first step in the self-auditing process is to keep close tabs on the balance of available funds. Know what is in the bank and how much is available for immediate use. Work out a bare bones model of the companys cash flow for the present size of the operation. Use the money left over to determine the growth potential of the business, and set reasonable expectations. Forecasting sales on a regular basis can be an indicator to determine if a company is growing at its fullest potential, but also have an understanding of the bill collection process. Many businesses see the sales department as the main source of income, but that is a common misconception. While the sales department is generating potential income, the accounts receivable department is where the potential income becomes actual money. Use the projected sales figures and the projected billing figures to generate an accurate forecast of the financial potential of the company. With this forecast, estimate the timing and cost of materials and production costs. Forecast these costs. Also determine the acceptable time period to pay suppliers and bills accrued in production. Have a good sense of when bills are due, and take into account any discounts for paying bills early as well as penalties for paying late. Create a schedule of recurring expenses like payroll, rent, utilities, etc. This information can identify which bills can be paid at later dates, and which must be paid immediately. Compute your companys cash flow on a weekly basis and project future cash flow in fifteen-day increments for the next year, as well as a three and a five-year model. Add the projected collection amount to the current funds available. Subtract production costs and recurring expenses. This will give a concise view of the companys financial status. Remember that the first time you analyze your financial records it can be an arduous task. The next times a self-audit is conducted, it becomes a process of updating data that already exists, and takes far less time to generate a great benefit to your company. http://www. morebusiness. com/running_your_business/management/d906062188. brc Small Business Cash Flow Management Simple Cash Management Techniques â€Å"I have enough money to last me the rest of my life, unless I buy something. Jackie Mason Money is the most important asset your business has. Without it failure. You may have invested a great deal of resources and yourself into your business, but if you dont manage your cash flow, you can be forced out of business. You may make mistakes in managing your employees, your customers, or your physical facilities and you can survive, but dont mismanage your cash. Such a situation is illustrated by the story of Helen. It is a tale of hard work, the lack of cash management and failure. Helen, who owned a small commercial art studio, worked 12-hour days Monday through Saturday to meet her customers demands and although she had only two employees and minimal expenses, she rarely drew a paycheck. Fortunately, Roger, her husband, earned a substantial salary, permitting Helen to continue working without an income. Helen had no idea of cash management. She struggled to pay her employees, her landlord and her vendors. To make matters worse, she fell behind in depositing the payroll taxes, and the IRS placed a lien on their home. She could not even turn to her accountant for assistance, as she was past due with his fees. Helen did not understand it. Her customers loved her. She was always busy. But, she was always broke. Helen lacked business skills. Her financial records were a mess. Her customers owed her thousands of dollars that she never attempted to collect. And, she was never quite sure of the amount anyone owed her as she frequently forgot to prepare customer bills or post them to her accounts receivable. Unfortunately, Helen was easy prey for unscrupulous people. She was generous, and sympathized with her customers when they explained why they could not pay her. Helen even acted as a surrogate mother to some, listening to their tales of woe and allowing her emotions to get in the way of good business practices. She rarely asked for her money. There was one particular customer who owed her $3,000 for more than three years, yet, she continued to do his work, spending her own money on supplies and labor. Sarcastically, someone said to Helen, You might as well do the work for free and save yourself the trouble of bookkeeping. Finally, after pressure from her spouse, she was willing to listen and accept financial advice. Helens husband hired a business consultant to revamp and upgrade the accounting system and install a personal computer. Once the records were correct, the consultant called a number of customers to collect money. The situation improved, but barely, as many of the past due customers turned out to be dishonest. After a period of minimal success, Helens old habits, of mismanagement, disorganization, and foolish generosity, returned. The consultant quit and eventually the business failed. As I watched the business go under it was an example of an entrepreneur denying the basics of simple cash management. Helen created her own problems her interest was creative, not managing her business. She failed to grasp the fundamental of any business which it must earn a positive cash flow to survive. Helens motives for being in business were cloudy at best. Take the situation of Frank, in upstate New York, who owned a swimming pool supplies business and refused to send statements to his customers as in his opinion â€Å"it was the responsibility of his customers to keep track of their bills. He felt it sufficient to issue an invoice at the time of sale. Unfortunately, his customers did not, and he eventually was forced into bankruptcy when his cash ran out. As any successful businessperson will tell you, cash management is a must. If you sell on credit, and cannot ask for your money, you should not be in business. If you do dislike asking for money, change your ways if you wish to survive. The cliche, a squeaky wheel gets the grease is appropriate to managing your cash flow. Never assume any of your customers will pay you on time. As it is in your best interest to hold on to your cash as long as possible, it is also in their best interest to do likewise. The phrase ask and you shall receive is a truism to success in business. (C) Copyright 2001 Dr. Paul E. Adams. Syndicated by Paradigm News, Inc. http://www. morebusiness. com/running_your_business/financing/d983148682. brc Review of Related Foreign Studies The New Government Accounting Systems (Issues in Public Audit) Historically, the growth of government auditing and accounting in the Philippines was greatly influenced by the administrative practices in the US, so much so that during the time that the General Accounting Office in the United States was responsible for the government’s accounting, that concept was similarly introduced in the Philippines. Unfortunately, by the time the practice was abandoned in the United States in favor of a better system, The Philippines have then become independent and hence the change was not followed here. COA promulgates new accounting system unlike in the United States where accounting standards are formulated by the Federal Accounting Standards Advisory Board (FASAB) and subsequently enacted into law, such as the Federal Financial Management Act of 1963, the Philippines new government accounting system was formulated almost. Philippine Accounting System Controls In Philippine accounting system, certain controls are needed to ensure that employees are doing their jobs properly and ensure that the system runs properly. These checks are in the best interest of the organization. These controls come in form of internal and external controls for the system. The internal controls are the checks that are placed in the system the company’s own management and directors. Today, more and more companies are moving from the manual accounting systems to computerized accounting information systems. The advantages of computerized systems are increases in the speed and accuracy of processing accounting information. However, as systems become computerized the internal controls for that system have to be adapted accordingly. This is because computerized systems bring with them certain unique problems that can only be removed to minimize by adapting the present controls and adding new controls. Chapter 3 Methodology of the Study A system development methodology refers to the framework that is used to structure, plan, and control the process of developing an information system. In this case we intend to use the Waterfall as the model for our system. Figure 3. 1 Waterfall model A. Requirement analysis and definition B. System and software design C. Implementation and unit testing D. Integration and system testing E. Operation and maintenance The waterfall model is a sequential development process, in which development is seen as flowing steadily downwards (like a waterfall), through the phases of: Requirements analysis and definition Under this phase, the projects goal is determined and the functions are brought to focus. Gathering of information and analysis of the users requirement is also done in this phase. In this phase, the proponents analyzed the functions of the assigned office which is the Accounting office. We gathered data through interview with the personnel of the Accounting office, and then the proponents conceptualized the system that the accounting office will need. After that we formulate the necessary hardware and software that will be used on creating the system. System and software design In this phase the designs are translated into code. Computer programs are written using a conventional programming language or an application generator. Programming tools like Compilers, Interpreters, and Debuggers are used to generate the code. Different high level programming languages like C, C++, Pascal, Java are used for coding. With respect to the type of application, the right programming language is chosen. In this phase the proponents conceptualized how the system would look and function. Under this, we created a sample graphical user interface (GUI) so that we can visualize how it would look when implemented and also to visualize what should be required for inputs and outputs. Implementation and unit testing Under this phase actualization of the plan and a part of the made system is tested one by one. In this phase the proponents will implement the proposed system and check the units if it function. We will check the system one by one so that we can be assured that the system will function well. Integration and system testing After the generation of codes, testing of all the modules is performed. All modules are integrated together and proper testing tools are selected for error checking. In this phase we, the proponents will test the system that we made. We will check the codes that have been used. Also we will check if it functions as it supposed to be. Sample inputs will also be encoded on the system so by that we can verify if the data is correctly forwarded. Once we have verified that it functions well and error free, only then we can move to the next phase. Operations and maintenance Under the final stage of SDLC, the developed software is given to the users. Maintenance is necessary after the development of a successful project. It is obvious that changes occur once the project is handed over to the end user. The developers must develop the project in such a way that it is adaptable to those changes. The main operation of the software must not be affected by those changes. On this phase, the proponents will give the proposed system to the Accounting office and let them use it so that they will be able to distinguish parts that our system lacks. Once they have tested the system, they are free to give their comments regarding the performance of the system. In case the system did not meet their requirements, we will apply the revisions and add functions to the system. As the system is being developed and we intend to see some revision or corrections about the previous phases we can go back to it and fix it sooner after getting through the final phase. Chapter 4 Theoretical Framework Figure 4. 1 IPO Framework The inputs of the system are the following; receipts and daily statement of collection of accountable form. After the inputs are transferred to the system, the inputs will undergo several processes. First the inputs shall be verified. If ever the receipts and the daily statement collection of accountable form are not matched, it will return to the finance office. If the two inputs are matched, it will be recorded to a database and then a summarized report will be generated and will be forward to the City Hall. Chapter 5 Data Gathering Procedures and Output In this study, we, the proponents had our data gathered through several ways for us to be able to get significant data’s which will be used for the study of the proposed system. Interview: The proponents assigned one member of the group to conduct an interview with the officer in charge with the PLP accounting office. From the set of questions asked to the officer in charge of the accounting office we are able to have an output which is the transcript of interview. Research: The proponents gathered relevant information from the research materials available. We first researched on the internet for available informations which will be used for the study. Second, we made several trips to the PLP Library to collect information and ideas from the books and thesis books. The informations gathered on this research were compiled and served as reference as we go on with the study. Observation: The proponents used observation to determine what areas of the accounting office should be improved and what should be provided with a system. Through the observations, we are able to have ideas which can be applied on the proposed system. Chapter 6 Documentation of Current Status 6. 1 Description of the System Figure 6. 1 Context Level Diagram (Existing system) The Accounting Office is a Department that monitors the income of the university, there two entities the City Hall and the Finance office; The Accounting office will receive the DSCAF (Daily Statement of Collection of Accountable Form and official receipts from the Finance office and a generated report will be forward to the City Hall. Figure 6. 2 Data Flow Diagram (Existing) From the Finance office; Finance office will forward the duplicate of the receipts enlisting the name of the student, student number, nature of collection and amount together with the daily statement of income. The Accounting office will then verify if the receipts and matched with the records from the daily statement of income. After verifying the accounts, the Accounting office will encode all the data from the daily statement of income. At the end of the month the accounting office will merge and summarize all the data and records from the daily statement of income and generate the report. The generated report will then be forward to the City hall afterwards. Figure 6. 3 Context Diagram (Proposed): The Accounting Office is a Department that monitors the income of the university, there two entities the City Hall and the Finance office; The Accounting office will receive the DSCAF (Daily Statement of Collection of Accountable Form and official receipts from the Finance office and a generated report will be forward to the City Hall. Figure 6. 4 Data Flow Diagram (Proposed) From the Finance office; Finance office will forward the official receipts and amount together with the daily statement of income. The Accounting office will then verify if the receipts and matched with the records from the daily statement of income. After verifying the accounts, the Accounting office will record all the data from the daily statement of income. At the end of the month the accounting office will merge and summarize all the data and records from the daily statement of income and generate the report. The generated report will then be forward to the City hall afterwards. 6. 1 Description of the system 6. 1. 1 Hardware Setup The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig Accounting office uses one computer with the following specifications; Dell 16† CRT, CD-R King keyboard, CD-R King Mouse, EPSON LQ 2180 Printer and Dell System unit with the following parts; 40 GB hard disk, 512 MB of RAM, Genuine Intel (R) 1. 80 GHz, 1. 80 GHz. 6. 1. 2 Software and Application being used The software and applications used by the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig Accounting office are the following; Avira Anti-Virus, Microsoft Office 2003, and Windows XP Professional Version 2002 Service Pack 3. 6. 1. 3 Personnel names/position The Accounting office have two personnel; Miss Pamela Ramos the officer in charge that stays in the PLP and Miss Mila Nhimfa Dorilag the head officer that commands the OIC from the City Hall. 6. 2 Description of the Propose System 6. 2. 1 Cost and Benefit Analysis 1. Development Personnel involved in the development of the system: Position/ LevelMin. (Peso)Description System Analyst40,000. 00Collect information to analyze and evaluate existing or proposed systems. Programmer15,000. 00Code, test and troubleshoot programs utilizing the appropriate hardware, database, and programming technology. Database Analyst35,000. 00A person who uses data modeling to analyze and specify data use within an application area. A database analyst defines both logical views and physical data structures. In a client/server environment, he defines the database part of the back end system. Total = PHP 90,000 2. Implementation Personnel involved in the implementation of the system: Position/ LevelMin. (Peso)Description Network Administrator 20,000. 00A person responsible for the maintenance of computer hardware and software that comprises a computer network. This normally includes deploying, configuring, maintaining and monitoring active network equipment. A related role is that of the network specialist, or network analyst, who concentrates on network design and security. Total = PHP 20,000 Hardware Setup for the system: The proponents decided to use the hardware components indicated on the table because it is the hardware set up that is required for the proposed system. Hardware PartQtyNamePrice Memory2Available1,600. 00 ProcessorIntel Core 2 Duo E7500 2. 93Ghz 3MB 1066Mhz5,600. 00 Hard Disk DriveSeagate Barracuda 1TB 7200rpm SATA3,050. 0 MotherboardMSI NF725GTM-P31 V-PCIE/DDR2/Sound/LAN2,200. 00 CaseIntex Supernova ATX 600W PSU1,000. 00 Apollo Blast 1000va UPS Black3,150. 00 Total 16,600 Software setup for the system: The proponents decided to use the indicated software on the table because some of that software is already available in the Accounting office and one more thing to consider is that because it is common to users. The othe r alternatives that we used for the software are open source so that financial matters can also be considered when creating the system. The tThe SoftwareAlternative A (Proprietary)CostAlternative B (Open Source)Cost Operating SystemMicrosoft Windows XP Professional / Service Pack 3AvailableMicrosoft Windows XP Professional / Service Pack 3Available Programming LanguageMicrosoft Visual Studio 2008 Standard Edition (VB. NET)P 8,419. 28Java Platform, Standard EditionOpen Source DatabaseMS SQL Server 2008 P 7,864. 72MY SQLOpen Source Office Microsoft Office 2007AvailableOpen OfficeOpen Source Anti-virusESET NOD 32P 950. 00Clam AV Free TOTALP 17,234. 00TOTALP 0. 00 Infrastructure In the current floor plan star topology is used, the most common type of network topology that is used in homes and offices. In the Star Topology there is a central connection point called the hub which is a computer hub or sometimes just a switch/router. In a Star Network the best advantage is when there is a failure in cable then only one computer might get affected and not the entire network. Figure 6. 5 Current Layout Figure 6. 5. 1 Current Floor Plan Figure 6. 6 Current Floor Plan Figure 6. 7 Proposed Layout Figure 6. 7 Cut Sheet of the Proposed Layout InfrastructureQuantityPriceAmount RJ45 8 P 3. 00 P 24. 00 UTP Cable 30 meters P 5. 00 P150. 00 Asus RX3041(4 ports) DSL Router 1 P909. 00 P 909. 00 SWITCH INTEX 8PORTS 10/100 1 P450. 00 P450. 00 TOTAL P1533. 00 6. 2. 2 Tangible and Intangible Benefits 1. Tangible Benefits Current Yearly ConsumptionProposed Consumption ItemQuantityUnit PriceTotal PriceEstimated yearly savingsPrice Bond Paper long (Corona)28 reams592/ream16,57624 reams14,208 Bond Paper Short (Corona)20 reams250/ream500016 reams4,000 Folder Long (Kraft)80 pcs3. 528080 pcs280 Folder Short (Kraft)80 pcs2. 518080 pcs180 Brown Envelope Short (Kraft)80 pcs2. 2518068 pcs153 Brown Envelope Long (Kraft)80 pcs2. 7522568 pcs187 Ball pen (Panda)4 box (100 pcs)5. 7557580 pcs460 Pencil (Mongol)4 box (80 pcs)5. 544070 pcs385 Printer Ink (HP 02 Black)12 pcs882. 5610,592. 728 pcs7,060. 48 Grand TotalP 34,048. 72Total Yearly SavingsP 26,913. 48 2. Intangible Benefits Speed With a computerized system, transactions at the finance office w ill be faster. Transactions will be within split minutes or even in seconds. Minimized Errors With a computerized system, errors could be easily detected. Less human intervention means less human error. Efficiency With a computerized system an efficient output can be assured because it is computer generated and it is built to release accurate results. Secured Data Data are secured because only the authorized personnel will be able to view stored data on the database. No data Loss Data are assured to be kept on a specific database so instances of data loss could be minimized compared with records which are only kept on folders. This is better because the data’s are not scattered Chapter 7 Summary and Conclusion Summary Company and Department The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig was established by the virtue of the Pasig City ordinance no. 11. 5. 1999. It started its operation on June 14, 2000 initially with six degree course; BSEED, BSHRM, BSBA, BSIT, BSECE, BSCS and ACT has been added to initial courses. The Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig is growing progressively for the past 10 years. Students have proven their changing demands of developments. For the past 10 years, the University has been competent to the new trechnology, bur there is a certain areas in which technology have not yet reach: The Accounting Office. The Accounting Office plays a vital role at the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig. It is where the records of cash flow is being kept. Problems Encountered Due to the nature of the Accounting Office, security at the accounting office is a must. Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig has been running for 10 years yet the accounting office is still using the manual system of monitoring the cash flow. Also, process at the accounting office is slow because after verifying the forwarded data, accounting office has to encode it again with the aid of MS excel. Process at the accounting office is time consuming and has the possibility of data loss because the files are only kept in folders. Proposed Solution The proponents created a proposed system to give light to the problems encountered by Accounting Office. The following are the two alternatives; Alternative A, in this alternative proprietary software were used such as the following, Windows XP service pack 3, Microsoft Visual Studio, MS SQL database, MS office 2007 and Nod 32 Anti-virus. Alternative B, in this alternative both open source and proprietary software were used. Based on the two alternatives, the winning alternative is Alternative A because it is less expensive also it is more common to users so it is user friendly. Based on the result of the alternatives it is acceptable to use the Alternative A. Conclusion Assessment Operational Feasibility With the aim of improving the current system of the Accounting Office, the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig has to provide the requirements needed in order for this system to be implemented. Since Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig is supported by the Pasig City Hall, the implementation of this system is feasible. With regards to the hardware requirements of this system Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig has a current computer being used, so we the proponents just need to improve/upgrade some of the computer’s components. When it comes to software Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig has to provide the programming software’s needed as well as the applications required to implement the proposed system. Due to the technology that will be used in the proposed system, Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Pasig has to hire new employees with knowledge on how to operate the system but only for a specific span of time. Training of the current employees is also required for them to have knowledge on how to operate the proposed system. All in all the operation of the proposed system is possible with the requirements provided. Benefits Accounting office will be the one who will benefit largely from this system because it is the accounting office’s system which will be improved. Process at accounting office will be at ease. Also the City Hall will benefit from this study because the reports they will be getting form the accounting office is accurate. APPENDICES APPENDIX A Transcript of Interview Kelvin and Christian (Assigned Thesis Group Leaders in Accounting Department): Ma’am, we are here to conduct an interview for our requirements in our thesis proposal that will be presented to the faculty of college of computer studies. Here are our questions for you to be answered. Ms. Pamela Ramos (OIC of PLP Accounting Department): You are asking for the PLP accounting, yes. Kasi tayo (PLP), hindi naman tayo whole kung baga hindi tayo isang institusyon, tayo kasi nakadepende tayo sa city government of pasig, kasi parang branch lang tayo. Department lang tayo, so lahat ng accounting procedure especially the pre-requisition of the financial statement was been done in the city government, ang ginagawa lang ng accounting dito ay to monitor the income and record it, and make a duplicate or replicate, kung ano ang mga binabayad ng estudyante, irerecord lang dito at and every end of the month pinoporward lang ang summary ng nakolekta sa city government. Kung ano iyong nakolekta and that’s it. Kapag naiporward ko na dun, sila na yung gumagawa ng report na iyon. So iyon lang ginagawa ng accounting dito aside from the checking of payrolls, aside from that wala na. So, parang hindi siya whole accounting office kasi ang pondo natin is nasa city government. â€Å"You were asking for the PLP accounting, yes, because we were just like a part of a dependent institution to the Pasig city Government. Were just like a branch or department. So, all of the accounting procedure especially the prerequisite of the financial statement was been done in the city government. The only thing that was doing is to monitor. We record the income to make a duplicate or replicate. We record here the balance of a student and every end of the month, we forwarded the summary of the collection to the city government and that’s it. They’ll do report, so that was accounting do here aside from checking of payrolls, aside from that nothing else. So, it wasn’t like a whole accounting office because our fund was on the city government. † Student: So, Ma’am kayo lang po iyong nag-aasist ng accounting dito sa plp? â€Å"So, Ma’am you only assist the accounting here in PLP? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: Oo, para ako lang representative nila but anyway we have accountant. Si Ma’am Dorilag ang trabaho naman niya is to advice lang, advice niya kung ano yung mga accounting matters, halimbawa may mga liquidation inaadvice lang niya yung mga certain people kung ano yung dapat gawin. At the same time pag dinala na sa city hall sila yung nag che-check kung ano yung mga attachment, pero it still procedure dumadaan parin dun sa city hall, hindi parin full office and accounting department. â€Å"Yes, because I serve as their representative, but anyway we have an accountant, Ma’am Dorilag. Her job is to advice for accounting matters. For example, there are liquidation, She only advice people on what they should do at the same time if they bring it to city hall, they are the ones who check on what are the attachments. But it’s still part of the procedure, it still undergoes on the city hall, Accounting department is still not a full office. † Student: Bale kayo po taga bigay ng information sa City Hall? â€Å"So your only task is to forward the information on the City Hall? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: Para magawa sila ng financial statement, para kasing ano ito, halimbawa merong isang company na may tatlong branch yung tatlong branch na yon walang gagawin kundi iforward yung mga bills of the day, yung pinaka main sila iyong gagawa ng mga pinaka kinita ng tatlong branch nila. For them to be able to make a financial statement, it’s like for three branches, those three branches will do nothing but to forward the bills of the day, the main company will be liable for creating that statement of income of those three branches. † Student: Konektado po ba kayo sa finance? â€Å"Are you connected with the finance? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: Oo, kasi kung ano yung income kinokolekta nila sa students ayun iyong pinoporward nila sa akin. Para naman mairecord ko sa abstract of collection book. â€Å"Yes, because the income that they collect from students are forwarded to me, for me to record it at the abstract of collection book. Student: Ilang employee’s that they have? â€Å"Ma’am can you state the step by step procedure from finance to city hall? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: Dalawa lang, kami si ma’am Nimfa dun siya sa city hall aside from this job meron siyang mga papel na kinakailangan tapusin additional job niya ito or kung ano sa existing job niya sa city hall. â€Å"We’re only , ma’am Nimfa is located at the city hall aside from this job , she also have an additional job or paperwork’s than her existing job in the city hall. â€Å" Student: Kayo po ba nagdadala ng booklet o may ibang nagdadala ? Do you deliver the booklet personally or there were other people who do that? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: Authority para m agdala ng booklet cashier ito dapat mangagaling sa finance sila nagrerequest sa treasury pagka binigyan sila ng prequesition of issue ito yung binabalik sakanila, naka-indicate kung ano ano brochure yung information, ang tawag ditto ay accountable form yang wala indicate diyan kung ilang yung binigay nilang accountable form tapos iforward sa accouting para everytime na magrerecord ako, kailangan kung ano makita ko nung binigay ng treasury yun din ang kinukuha nila nagkakaroon ng cheque and balance. The authority took deliver the booklet pertains to the cashier. And from the finance, they’re requesting to the treasury a prequisition of issue brochure this will serve as a receipt indicated the number of the brochure. The information here was called accountable form then they’ll forward it to accounting so that every time I record it, I need to see what they’re getting even its cheque and balance that indicates the date and time. † Student: Iyong pinaka resib o sa amin yun iba yung kailangan niyo ? â€Å"So you really need the receipt of every student in the PLP? Ms. Pamela Ramos: Oo, yun yung pinaka kailangan kasi so far wala naman income and Pamantasan kundi yung tuition fee ninyo, there’s no other income, yung ang ginagawa basehan ng city council para makagawa ng report, pero hindi nila ginawa ng sariling report ang pamantasan. Before meron tayong pondo obligado tayong gawan ng report bank statement, balance sheet since ang pera ng PLP ay binigay na sa city hall hindi na natin kailangan gawan ng report ang ginawa nila yung income nading sinasama nila sa pera ng city hall. Indicate lang dun na ito ay galling sa PLP. Actually tanggap ko ng accounting checking of validity of entry, nila kung talagang pinasok nila iyon. Tama ba yung computation, pero talagang ang whole process ay sa city hall lahat hanggang sa payment sa city hall lahat iyon. â€Å"Yes, we really need it most because so far the University doesn’t have much income except your tuition fee. That was the basis of the city council to create a report but they didn’t do an independent report for the university. Before the university have a fund so it obligates us to create a report for a bank statement or a balance sheet. Since, the profits of PLP were given to the city government we doesn’t need to create a report because our profits or income were combined to the profits of our city government and only indicates what we have or how much were from our University. † Student: Iyong DSCAF po ba every transaction ay iba ibang date? â€Å"The DSCAF (Daily Statement and Collection Accountable Forms), every transaction has different dates? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: Depende kasi yun eh. Kung ano yung collection of the day yun din ang irereleased mo. Kaya lang kasi namamasahe pa yung kahera sa city hall kung medyo maliit lang naman hindi na niya irereleased dapat yun yung procedure kung ano yung collection mo ngayon araw automatic irereleased mo siya. Isang booklet dapat irereleased kung naka 10 booklet na irereleased mo siya dapat whether you like it or not, kung hindi mo man siya maubos dapat irereleased mo ito, gagawa ka ng disk cap ilalagay mo kung magkano yung collection of the day, ilalagay mo kung ano covered ng date ng yun, tapos irereleased mo siya sa treasury dapat ganun talaga yung proseso. It depends, what you collect on a day is what’s going to be released afterwards. It’s just that the cashier is commuting from the city hall so if the collection was just small the cashier will no longer release it. The procedure should be what you collect today should automatically be released , if you had 10 booklets , you should release it you like it or not. If ever you did not consume all the booklets still, you sh ould release it. You were going to create a dscaf you will put how much the collection of the day , you will put what was covered by that date, and then you will release it to the treasury. The process should be like that. † Student: Ano po uyng application na ginagamit ninyo? â€Å"Ma’am what application do you use? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: MS Excel, wala pa talaga tayong system, ang MIS ay hindi naman gumagawa, nag cre-create lang ako ng sariling format para ma encode ko yung mga information. â€Å"MS Excel , we still don’t have a system , The MIS didn’t work it out, I only create own format to encode that information’s. † Student: Ma’am kung pwede nyo po isa-isahin ang step by step mula sa finance hanggang city hall? Can you please state the step by step procedures starting to finance up to city hall? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: From the finance magbabayad ang estudyante tapos meron silang tinatawag na resibo, syempre meron ang estudyante copy at meron din ang finance na kopya ng resibo tapos at the end of the day ko-kompyuten nila yung kung ano yung total collection of the day. Gagawan nila ng daily statement of collec tion dun nila nirerecord yung mga stab no. date covered nung resibo, amount per booklet and after that pag na remit nay un sa city hall together with the ash ibibigay nila sa akin to, ito naman meron kasing second copy niyan eh, kaya lang hindii ko na kinukuha , kaya dito ko na siya tinitignan. From this, this stab titignan ko kung ito mga resibo, yan naman ang irerecord ng isa-isa kung ito ay 50 pieces. Papasok dito kailangan maipost ko diyan ay 50 pieces din, iniisa-isa ko yan, sa kanila yung summary, ako yung pinaka kung ano meron dito sa receipt then after that every end of the month, ginagawa ko siya ng abstract kung magkano iyon, halimbawa ito from date of Oct. 7 kung meron siyang 10 dish cap sa isang buwan, sa sampung iyon pagsasamahin ito isa-summary ko siya dapat naka indicate kung anong collection kasi ang kinokolekta ko nito, may tinatawag tayong tuition fee, miscellaneous at laboratory fee. Naka indicate dun kung ano yung mga collection na ipo-forward sa city hall tapos city hall na ang gagwa ng financial statement, balance sheet, income statement tapos yung general account niya. â€Å"From the finance, the student will pay and they have what we call receipt likewise is the finance. And then, at the end of the day the finance will compute the collection and accountable form, that is they were record the stab number, date covered and name of the receipt amount per booklet. And after that if those were already remitted to city hall together with the cash they will give the daily statement of collection to me. And this, this has a second copy but I don’t get it anymore, I just look at it here from this stab. I will look if these receipts enter here, that is what I record one by one. These are 50pcs, I should also post 50pcs. I do it one by one; the city hall does the summary. And I have what is on the receipt. Then after that, every end of the month I do abstract of how much is that. For example this one (pointing at the record) from date of October 27, if it has 10 DSCAF (Daily Statement and Collection Accountable Forms) for one month, from that I will merge it. I will summarize it, it should indicate the nature of collection because what we collect here, we have what we call tuition fee, miscellaneous fee and laboratory fee indicated they are the collection. Those will be forwarded to city hall, and then city hall will be in charge for making the financial statement, balance sheet, income statement and it’s general account. † Student: Ma’am ano po iyong common problems na naeencounter ninyo? â€Å"What are the problems that you encountered in your department? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: Ngayon? So far lang naman ang mga problem not connected sa income yung preparation of payroll, kasi yung mga delay or mga balance, anyway kasi maraming department na dinadaanana pag dumating sa akin very delay na hindi ko narin alam. Now? So far the problems are not connected with income. It is the preparation of payroll, because of the delays. Anyway, as I have said to it undergoes many departments, so when it comes to me it is much delayed. I also don’t know. Actually, it is checking of validity of entry if the computation is right. But really, the whole process is on the city hall everything until payment is on city hall. â₠¬  Student: Kasama po ba Payroll ng Employee? â€Å"Do you control the payroll system of all faculty members of the PLP? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: Meron tayong full time, meron tayong part time may extra tayo, graduate school, sa payroll yung regular salary ng empleyado automatic sa city hall ginagawa pina-process nila dun, ngayon kasi may tinatawag ang faculty nag e-exceed yung turo mo sa 40 hours ng maximum to rendered ang tawag dun as overload same as overtime, ibig sabihin over yung load dun sa binigay na existing hours of work, dumadaan sa akin yun, chine-check ko again sa vtr kung tama, from the HR, i-forward nila yung vtr after ma-check kung tama yung entry, gagawan na nila (city hall) ng payroll after tsaka ko pipirmahan yung payroll, ang proseso ng pagbabayad ay sa city hall ulit, walaang transaction dito sa PLP natatapos lahat sa city hall, nandun ang pero. â€Å"We have many kinds of faculty here at PLP including full time , part time and other related employees. In payroll the regular salary of employee is process in the city hall. In the faculty they are having common terms like overload same as overtime , this me ans that if you are a permanent faculty member of PLP then if you exceed in the minimum working hours then it is called overload. In this case the payroll is process in the accounting department to be recheck against the VTR. It is the time record of the HR department regarding the employees. After it has been recheck if the entry were correct , the city government will make the payroll for the faculty member of the PLP then the accounting officer in charge will sign the payroll. The process of paying is in the city government. All process regarding accounting are ended in the city hall because the money or fund was at the city hall. † Student: Bale may automation system kayo at manual? â€Å"Do you have computerized system and manual system? † Ms. Pamela Ramos: So far wala naman kasi pag sinabi mong cimputerized kung ano yung ponost parang automatic siyang mag kokontrol ng general account, puro manual yan, it include encoding, copy and paste only. So far we don’t have computerized system , if you said computerized it means that every records of information were automatically generated a general account . this all done manually including encoding of information even in sending audit files in city hall were done manually. † APPENDIX B RESOURCE PER SONS Prof. Melquiades Sibomet BIBLIOGRAPHY AALA, MA (2006). †LAN Based Billing System AGO JOE Car Rental and Services†, AYING, JP (2008), â€Å"UNIVERSITY LOCATOR† AYUN, JB (2008), â€Å"LAN Based Library System Using Swipe Card ID† LAGMAY, JM (2008), â€Å"Customized Payroll and Time Keeping System† www. tea. state. tx. us/PRS. html www. trs. state. tx. us/reporting/documents/tea_far. pdf www. cluteinstitute-onlinejournals. com/archives/journals. cfm? Journal=Review of Business Information Systems

Good Governance Essay Example

Good Governance Essay Governance is defined here; as the dynamic interaction between people, structures, processes and traditions that support the exercise of legitimate authority in provision of sound leadership, direction, oversight, and control of an entity in order to ensure that its purpose is achieved, and that there is proper accounting for the conduct of its affairs, the use of its resources, and the results of its activities. Good governance is an indeterminate term used in development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources in order to guarantee the realization of human rights. [1] Governance describes the process of decision-making and the process by which decisions are implemented (or not implemented). [1] The term governance can apply to corporate, international, national, local governance [1] or to the interactions between other sectors of society. In international affairs, analysis of good governance can look at any of the following relationships:[3] †¢ between governments and markets, between governments and citizens, †¢ between governments and the private or voluntary sector, †¢ between elected officials and appointed officials, †¢ between local institutions and urban and rural dwellers, †¢ between legislature and executive branches, and †¢ between nation states and institutions. The varying types of comparison s comprising the analysis of governance in scholastic and practical discussion can cause the meaning of good governance to vary greatly from practitioner to practitioner. [3] Reform and standards We will write a custom essay sample on Good Governance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Good Governance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Good Governance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Three institutions can be reformed to promote good governance: the state, the private sector and civil society. [6] However, amongst various cultures, the need and demand for reform can vary depending on the priorities of that countrys society. [7] A variety of country level initiatives and international movements put emphasis on various types of governance reform. Each movement for reform establishes criteria for what they consider good governance based on their own needs and agendas. The following are examples of good governance standards for prominent organizations in the international community. IMF The International Monetary Fund declared in 1996 that promoting good governance in all its aspects, including by ensuring the rule of law, improving the efficiency and accountability of the public sector, and tackling corruption, as essential elements of a framework within which economies can prosper. [8] The IMF feels that corruption within economies is caused by the ineffective governance of the economy, either too much regulation or too little regulation. [8] To receive loans from the IMF, countries must have certain good governance policies, as determined by the IMF, in place. 8] UN The United Nations emphasizes reform through human development and political institution reform. [9] According to the UN, good governance has eight characteristics. [1] Good governance is[1]: †¢ Consensus Oriented †¢ Participatory †¢ following the Rule of Law †¢ Effective and Efficient †¢ Accountable †¢ Transparent †¢ Responsive †¢ Equitable and Inclusive Wo rld Bank The World Bank is more concerned with the reform of economic and social resource control. [9] In 1992, it underlined three aspects of society which they feel affect the nature of a countrys governance:[9] 1. ype of political regime; 2. process by which authority is exercised in the management of the economic and social resources, with a view to development; and 3. capacity of governments to formulate policies and have them effectively implemented. The concept of good governance has gained significant attention in the world and especially in Pakistan in the last decade. Since there are few theoretical studies on this issue in Pakistan, this paper analyzes the impact of some significant macroeconomic variables on good governance using time series data for empirical analysis. In this paper, democracy, economic openness, population size, peace years, unemployment, exchange rate, budget deficit, life expectancy and educational levels are considered the major macroeconomic determinants of good governance. We have employed the concept of stationarity to solve the by using Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF) test. By conducting the time series regression analysis, we found that the stated variables are affecting the degree of good governance according to their levels. Good governance has gained significant attention in the world especially in the last decade. In recent years, good governance has attracted the attention of economists, political scientists, lawyers, politicians, national institutions, and institutions of World Bank and IMF. Since some empirical and theoretical controversies have been found on the concept and importance of good governance but it can be considered as a prerequisite for economic growth and development (Kaufmann and Kraay, 2002 and 2003). Governance can also be seen as the instrument of the effectiveness of a society’s institutions. If the institutions are appropriate and effective, the outcome should be good governance (Duncan 2003). Governance is the instrument of political, economic and administrative authorities to manage a nations affairs. It is the diverse mechanisms, processes, relationships and institutions through which residents of country and groups communicative their benefits, exercise their rights and obligations and arbitrate their differences. In good governance countries, the working condition is generally more favourable for providing protection and guarantees for investors. Good governance is therefore a compartment of governance, wherein public capital and problems are managed effectively, efficiently and in response to vital needs of society. Effective elected forms of governance rely on public participation, accountability and transparency. There is an increasing amount of research on the factors that lead to good or bad governance in the world. Good governance creates a good environment for investment, including investment in people, and leads to higher income, reduces poverty, and provides better social indicators. According to UNDP, governance can be worked out as economic, political and administrative authorities to manage a countrys affairs at all levels. It joints the systems, processes and institutions, through which residents and groups articulate their interests, put into affect their legal rights, meet their obligations and mediate their differences. More modern studies have pointed out that face-to-face interactions, trust and partnership within voluntary associations enhance the capacity of people to work together. By helping residents to overcome combined action problems, trust and membership in voluntary associations are recognized as important factors in building the basis for responsive governance (Putnam 1993, 2000). World Bank has described the concept of good governance in various dimensions such as rule of law, government effectiveness, regulatory quality and control of corruption. These dimensions cover the whole society and economic sectors of the economies. As a matter of fact, this study will locate the variables that have more effect on these dimensions. Governance has engaged all concerns of society and economic operators for economic development but it is also considered as a fundamental element to be incorporated in the development strategy. Nonetheless, having its importance, differences also exist in respect of hypothetical formulations, policy prescriptions and conceptualization of the subject itself. Researchers have different ideology convictions due to which its formulation differs in different areas. Policy analysis stand empirically on the historical research of governance gives distinction to government failures to deliver, leading to propositions for downsizing or rightsizing, while policy prescriptions for good governance take an evolutionary observation of the matter questioning relevance of public sector management of certain activities in a changed context. Good governance is the term that symbolizes the paradigm shift of the role of governments. Unfortunately, this wide reaching and internationally imperative claim have not been sufficiently proved empirically in Pakistan. To fill this gap in the literature, this study aims to analyze the determinants of good governance in Pakistan. Thus, the hypothesis tested in this analysis is given as follows: â€Å"how do higher levels of social and economic variables in Pakistan contribute to better governance. † Since the major objective of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the good governance in Pakistan, the paper is organised as follows. Section II explores the conceptual and theoretical framework of good governance. Section III presents the brief literature review on good governance. Data and methodological issues are addressed in section IV. Section V presents the results of an econometric model and discussion. Conclusion and policy implications are given in the last section. II. Conceptual Framework of Good Governance From 1990s, the idea of good governance as an instrument for sustained development and poverty alleviation has gained widespread acknowledgment, especially among international organizations. Local concerns over what would later be labelled good governance had long been represent in all regions of the world. However, during the Cold War, much importance was not given to good governance but after it when structural adjustment programme was failed to overcome the economicproblems of many countries and objectives were not achieved then the need of good governance was realized to implement these policies. This problem was faced mostly in developing countries where policies were effectively prepared but not implemented properly due to bad governance. Good governance is also pointed out as one of the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), an agenda for poverty alleviation and sustainable development. At the Sixth Session of the Committee on Development Policy (CDP), promise to good governance and how to improve the progress were one of the agenda. Governance has been defined as the organization of society by the people, or as the use of authority to manage a countrys affairs and assets. It has to be noted, however, that there has hardly been consented as to its foundation meanings, and as to how it could be implemented in practice. Less clarity in the meanings of the term governance becomes noticeable when its historical evolution is considered. The concept achieved distinction in donor discourse around 1990, after the end of the Cold War. The World Bank was the first donor institution to implement the concept of good governance as a condition for lending to developing countries. In the start, centre of attention was rather political and on the improvement in the quality of public sector institutions. By the mid-1990s, international donors thinking of good governance had extended to include the concept of transparency, accountability, and participation. This addition was due to financial crises started in the last of 1990s, and for improvement of governance and stability of international financial institutions. Good governance can be identified with the following features: i. Good governance is mutually supportive and cooperative relationships between government, society, and the private sector. The nature of relationships among these three characters, and the need to make stronger viable system to facilitate interactions,assume critical importance. ii. Good governance is defined as control of all, or some combination of, the following elements: contribution, transparency of decision-making, accountability, rule of law, predictability. iii. Good governance is normative in origin. The values that provide the foundation for governance are the values postulated by the defining characters and institutions. This last point needs special consideration and attention. If donor-conceptualized standard of good governance were insisted upon, it would imply an insistence that Western-derived standards of manner be adopted in non-Western cultural environment. Scholars have also raised the problem of possible contradictions and trade-offs among the elements, for instance, economic growth, labour conditions, civil liberties, and the protection of the environment. The standards of good governance applied on the national, global and corporate environments would serve the goals of poverty alleviation and sustainable development.

buy custom Raphael Lemkin essay

buy custom Raphael Lemkin essay Raphael Lemkin is the figure behind the start of the genocide conventions. He is the person behind the invention of the term genocide. This was well detailed in his book on the imperialism of the Nazis, Axis Rule in Occupied Europe. The origin stretches far much back. He came up with three concepts -: the groupism social ontology most common in the Eastern Europe where he born and raised; the western legal tradition that covered the international law conquest, occupations that was exploitative, and wars that were aimed at the civilians. He was the supporter of what has been termed by many sociologists as groupism. This is the tendency to treat ethnic groups, nations, and races as substantial entities to which interests and agency can be attributed, that is to refer to them as internally homogenous, external bounded groups, even unitary, collective actors with common purposes. His commitment took the liberals from America with surprise. They him his strive as an elemental confusion. However his intention revealed how his ideas had a world focus. One would be tempted to ask where he got to have a world view to the matter. It is recorded that when he was a boy he was brought to close to the human cultural persecution by the story of the Christians who were to be exterminated by Nero the Roman emperor. His knowledge on the ethnic groups such as: the France Huguenots; the Japanese Catholics; the Spaniel Muslims led to conclude that the destruction of ethnic groups was a universal and a persistent problem. The Jews persecution was part of the things that he got knowledge on their suffering; the Jews that came from his area had been persecuted by the progroms. However his focus was beyond the boundaries of his home area. He grew up in the in the international world of Eastern Europe. He shared the Herders cosmopolitanism which recommended the sticking of individual principles; the Mazzini, which believed in the peoples unique role symphony of nations. The philosophy behind the conventions on genocide is based on the human cosmos formula. It consists of four primary tenets: racial, national, ethnic and religion. These groups are taken care of not just by human reasoning of compassion but also to ensure that the mankind spiritual resources are not drained. It is also worth noting that behind the protection of the above groups from extermination is the assumption of communitarian that nationhood and nations are inherently invaluable as compared to other collections of human for instance the political parties. Instead they gie meaning to life and are made up of human civilization. It therefore goes without saying that Lemkin was brought up as a religious Jew. He was an ecumenical cosmopolitan and a Polish patriot who championed for all the cultures and never turned his back on the Jewish culture or heritage. He constantly said the genocide that was undertaken by the Nazis on the Jews and the Polish Christians who were murdered by the Roma. His concepts were drawn from the spiritual nationality which its origin can be traced to the Herder and some sources of Jew. It is quite evident that culture is the center point of his genocide conception. Immediately the war ended he came up with the anthropology of Bronislaw and Sir James to rejuvenate his mode of thinking. Bronislaw was an influential anthropologist in Britain. It is from this that he ruled out that the human needs up to including culture can be expressed in social institutions or can be anthropologically termed as ethos of culture. If a group culture is by way of violence undermined, the group is made to break up the result is that members will be taken in by other cultures which is painful and wasteful process to the disorganization of a person subsequently destruction which is painful. He therefore concluded that the destruction of cultural symbols is genocide. As a result of his support for culture he also supported the treaty of national minority. This was under League of Nations. His struggle therefore for the human right on genocide will be remembered to have majorly stemmed from culture. Eleanor Roosevelt It should be noted that it is not only the Jews that were only persecuted by the Nazis. Many other people were persecuted because of what they believed in, and because of their originality. This also included the handicapped, the Gypsies, homosexual, social democrats, Jehovah witnesses and those who posed a threat to the Hitlers administration and his quest for lebensraum and the superiority of his race. Though Lemkin might have been the first to come up with word genocide it is deemed to precede Holocaust. The Japanese atrocities that led to lots of rape, razing down of cities and towns, and the looting are among the few unnecessary evils committed. Germany assumed responsibility for their evils, turkey and Japan denied. After the World War II lots of protests were witnessed regarding the atrocities that were committed against the Jews. The human rights activist and the Jews carried out the protest. This led to the indictment of the Nazis and the Japanese. They were later ttried as criminals of war by an international military tribunal. This also prepared a ground for international law which was to ensure that no one was going to be above the law irrespective of the position held in the society. This included any crimes against peace. It included- : initiating, planning, and violating of international agreements and treaties against humanity; deportations, extermination, and crimes of genocide war; namely, war law violation; and a common plan or conspiracy to commit acts of criminality. These tenets of law later became the foundation of the UN convention on the genocide crimes. It was first voted and unanimously accepted by the general assembly as the first human right treaty (Meade and Merry 92). Eleanor Roosevelt was the then the driving force behind the drafting of the Universal Declaration. This came in the wake of Carlos Rumulo the Filipino diplomat who was serving a court sentence for the crimes committed against humanity. In her address to the general assembly she declared that This Declaration may well become the international Magna Carta of all men everywhere. We hope its proclamation by the General Assembly will be an event comparable to the proclamation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man by the French people of 1789, the adoption of the Bill of Rights by the people of the United States, and the adoptions of comparable at the different times in other countries It is also important to note that Roosevelt was the member and chairperson of the commission that represented the nations diversity which included-: Belgium, Australia, china, Byelorussia, France Egypt, Iran, India, Panama, Lebanon, Ukraine, Philippines, United States, United Kingdom, Uruguay, Yugoslavia, and USSR (Meade and Wiesner-Hanks 27). Eleanor Roosevelt and other framers who were gifted who for long had been by her side shared her spirit of committee of UNESCO. For a span of one year she worked hard to draft the document. She was assisted by other gifted scholars. Despite lot of objections from political and philosophical rivalries, individual commissioner felt the need for it and in the end contributed by putting aside philosophical and personal differences. The ideological differences often stood on the way of the commission on human rights, and subsequently the sour relations between the west and the east made things hard for the commission (Fredrickson 72). It shall be remembered that Eleanor Roosevelt with a lot of determination managed to convince a number of government administration to adopt the Universal Declarations and incorporate it in their socioeconomics. Buy custom Raphael Lemkin essay

The Mediating Effects of Time Structure on the Relationships between Article

The Mediating Effects of Time Structure on the Relationships between Time Management Behavior, Job Satisfaction and Psychological Wellbeing - Article Example Macan’s (1994) model conceptualizes how individuals manage time to achieve performance and maintain well being. Bond and Feather (1988) termed â€Å"time structure† to â€Å"the degree to which individuals perceive their use of time as structured and purposive† (p. 321). How employment provides individuals with a sense of structure and purpose, and how the absence of such a structure has negative influences. In a recent study, Kelly (2003) examined the relationship between worry and time usage amongst university students. Kelly found that the negative impact of Time Structure is worry. Kelly’s finding is inconsistent with many previous studies, which suggest that Time Management Behaviors (TMB) positively predict psychological consequences, such as personal wellbeing, work and life satisfaction. Macan and her colleagues developed the Time Management Behavior scale (Macan, 1994; Macan et al., 1990) by the twin surveys of college students and organization employees. Macan classified time management behavior into three categories Setting goals and priorities; mechanics of time management behaviors, and preference for organization. Setting goals and priorities includes â€Å"items that tap the setting of goals the person wants or needs to accomplish and prioritizing of the various tasks to achieve these goals† (Macan et al., 1990, p. 761). Mechanics of time management refers to the â€Å"behaviors typically associated with managing time, such as making lists and planning† (Macan et al., 1990, p. 761). Preference for organization refers to a reverse-scored factor that includes items measuring â€Å"a general preference for disorganization in one’s workspace and approach to projects† (Macan et al., 1990, p. 761). Based on this categorization of time ma nagement behaviors, Macan (1994) proposed the process model, which hypothesized that time management behaviors predict an individual’s perceived control of time, which in turn predicts job

Three policies that led to the outbreak of War in Europe in 1914. What Essay

Three policies that led to the outbreak of War in Europe in 1914. What nation is primary responisble - Essay Example For instance, Germany established aggressive foreign policies that created unhealthy relationship with other nations. The policies deteriorated the existing peaceful trading partnerships and eventually led to the poor performance of the international market. The three policies that fuelled the war were; the Germany’s expansionist policy, the emergence of two opposing sides (the triple alliance and the triple alliance) and the isolation policy. Germany had a great urge to dominate the world economy. The only means to achieve this was by acquiring more territories and colonies. By this time, the world was portioned among the major powers such as the Britain. In this regard, Germany had to use military conquest to acquire territories that were already possessed by other European nations. The use of force to acquire new territories strained the already poor relation between Germany and some European powers such as Britain. These nations responded furiously to defend their interest and to maintain their political and economic power. This eventually led to the sprouting of a massive war that spread to almost all parts of the world. Some countries in Europe started forming defense alliances and promised to protect each other in case any of them was attacked by their rivals. For instance, Germany and Austria-Hungary joined and formed the dual alliance. Italy joined the alliance, and the three formed the triple alliance. On the other hand, Britain, France and Russian joined to form the triple entente. These two coalitions heightened the tension among the rival European nations leading to the sparking of the World War 1. The isolation policy adopted USA also contributed to the sprouting of the war. The US kept off from engaging in European affairs and thereby cold not assist in reconciling the European nations. However, it offered financial support to warring nations. The responsibility of the war can be blamed on Germany’s ultimate support for